Sorry for the lack of clarification regarding the products that I am offering. With the money that you purchase, I will be giving a designated password to a separate blogspot website that only those who can pay can access. As these sites are right click disabled and copyrighted, I hope that students can purchase to utilise the services available to aid with the upcoming finals exams. Payment information will be given upon expression of interest.
Summary of products are as follow for semester 1 (notes are only available for semester 1):
CELS191 summary notes $10
HUBS191 summary notes $10
CHEM191 summary notes $10
PHSI191 summary notes $10
CHEM191 exam drills (around 2 for each module) at $5 per worksheet
PHSI191 exam drills (around 9-10 worksheets ie. 2 per module) at $5 per worksheet
semester 2 (hardcopy = 1 paper ~$30, 2 papers ~$25 each & 3 papers ~$20 each)
HUBS192 summary notes
BIOC192 summary notes
HEAL192 summary notes
I hope that everybody can make use of the services. Cheers
Monday, May 12, 2008
Summary of products
Revise format of PHSI191 and CHEM191
For PHSI191, I have decided to change the method of presentation to a more exam oriented based presentation. I will be featuring the highlight formulas for each modules along with example questions. The overview of the newly revised PHSI191 is as below:
Geometric optics
n=c/v where n is refractive index and c is speed of light in vacuum (3*10^8) and v is the speed of light in the material. Light in air is treated to have speed of light in vacuum and when the light crossed through an object with different density and property as air ( a glass forever), the light will be refracted at a speed lower than that of in light since density of the object will be heavier than the density in air.
Snell’s law
n(1)sin θ(1) = n(2)sin θ(2)
Normally in exams, the light will always be going through air then into a certain object like glass. For instance, if a light makes an incidence entry of 50 degrees from air int a glass with a refractive index of 1.33 then what would the angle of refraction be when the light enters the glass?
Step 1: concept: optic, refractive
Step 2: parameter needed to identify is refractive angle in glass
Step 3: Information given are n(1) which is refractive index of air of 1.00 (though not explicitly given its understandable that air has n of 1.00), n(2) is refractive index of glass which is 1.33 and angle of incidence ie. θ(1) of 50 degrees.
Step 4: solve
Use n(1)sin θ(1) = n(2)sin θ(2)
1sin50=1.33sin θ(2)
θ (2) = 35 degrees
When I introduce the questions, I will provide step by step methods and explanation as shown above to explain. Apart from that, I will be providing online tutorials on PHSI191 and CHEM191 using the same style of format. For PHSI191, for each module of force, work, electricity, optics and so on there will be 2 worksheets each with step by step methods as shown above. These worksheets will be exactly taken from past year so it would be relevance for preparation for the finals. Each worksheet will have 10 questions selective chosen from the finals to aid revision purposes and each worksheet will be sold at 5 dollars each. This is a minimal price compared to having to go to tutorials and you can work these worksheets at home at your own pace. Same goes for CHEM191 which will presented in the same manner: exam questions and step by step answers and each worksheet has around 2-3 long questions.Friday, May 9, 2008
PHSI191
Often a quicker way of calculating acceleration, velocity or displacement is to use some equations that are worked out from the D-T and V-T graphs. The symbols for displacement, initial velocity, etc. are shown on the diagram.
You can now use the equations that are listed below to calculate the velocities, displacements and accelerations.
s = vt Only use this if a = 0
v = u +at
v2 = u2 + 2as
s = ut + ½ at2
u may be indicated as v(i) ie. initial velocity and s may be denoted as d ie. displacement
What if velocity and acceleration are in different directions?
Acceleration due to Gravity (Ignoring Friction)
For example, drop a stone from a cliff.
Initially, t = 0, u = 0, and a = + 9.81 ms-2 (Note – I’ve chosen down to be positive here)
OR
throw a stone upwards at 10 ms-1
From here, you can go on and use equations of motion to solve.
Tips for exams:
In the real blogspot dedicated for phsi191 I will be posting final exam questions related to the concept and I will give step to step instructions on how to answer all these examplery questions.
CHEM191
Spontaneity of a reaction
Reactions which release heat (and so increase stability) tend to occur. Reactions which increase entropy (ΔS is positive) tend to occur, but neither can be used to accurately predict spontaneity alone.
Gibbs free energy (G) is defined as a measure of the total entropy of the universe. Hence the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is the change in the total entropy of the universe. The total entropy of the universe must increase for any process to occur.
When heat is released in a reaction (exothermic change) this energy heats up the universe and effectively increases its entropy (there are a greater number of possible energy states that the particles in the universe can adopt).
The total entropy of the universe must increase and consequently exothermic reactions are favourable.
If the entropy of a reaction mixture increases then this is also favourable as the total entropy of the universe also increases.
Gibbs free energy change = ΔH - TΔS
If Gibbs free energy change is negative (convention) then the total entropy of the universe increases and the reaction is spontaneous. Why is the sign negative?
When ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous, when it's positive, the reaction is not.
Gibbs free energy calculations
Enthalpy changes can be calculated indirectly by summing the enthalpy values of related equations using Hess' law. Entropy changes can be calculated in the same way. It follows then that Gibbs free energy changes can be calculated from a knowledge of Gibbs free energy values in related equations.
Spontaneity of reaction
Determined by the relationship
ΔG = ΔH - Temperature(in kelvin) x ΔS
See standard level entropy for a fuller treatment
| Enthalpy change | Entropy change | Gibbs free energy | Spontaneity |
| positive | positive | depends on T, may be + or - | yes, if the temperature is high enough |
| negative | positive | always negative | always spontaneous |
| negative | negative | depends on T, may be + or - | yes, if the temperature is low enough |
| positive | negative | always positive | never spontaneous |
Tips for exam:
GIBBS ENERGY IS ALWAYS IN FINAL EXAMS. Practice this concepts well. Normally, there will be an equation of a reaction whereby you will need to find the change in Gibbs with information provided. If you find a negative Gibbs it is a spontaneous reaction.
Please do understand that Gibbs energy takes into account both entropy and enthalpy. Questions may require you to find entropy and enthalpy in order to find Gibbs. A good example is as below:.................................(full notes will be available upon purchase)
Full notes will be available upon full purchase. Please email hsfyadmin@gmail.com to cite interest in purchasing this product. Hope everybody who are enrolled in this paper would purchase for these notes would benefit everyone.
HUBS191
Recognize the importance of regulating the extracellular fluid in multicellular organisms, and that such regulation of the internal environment is referred to ‘homeostasis’.
Extracellular fluid(ECF) supplies correct temperature, pH etc. and is the route for nutrient delivery and waste disposal. Hence it is important to maintain these variables in a constant manner so that the organism will be able to survive.
Homestasis is the ability of organisms to maintain the ECF within limits required for survival, in the face of varying external environments.
Define:
- controlled variable: variable that the system tries to keep stable
- set point: target value for controlled variable
- reference range: target value for controlled variable.
Account for the variability within individuals over time.
Genetic factor accounts for variation between different individuals. Each individuals have their own biological rhythm and do their own activity each day.
Describe how negative feedback and feed-forward control systems operate to achieve homeostasis.
Negative feedback
Components are: sensor(monitor actual value of controlled variable), integration center(compare actual with set point value), effectors(produce response).
Negative feedback control systems help inhibit an effect to control a variable to be in its set point reference range.
Feed-forward
Actions taken in advance to prevent or minimize changes in controlled variable involves making prediction to controlled variable in future. Feed forward can be physiological(anticipated physiological adjustments and biological rhythms) or behavioural (learnt behavior).
Feed forward helps by anticipating a certain action which can change a variable in the body and creates an action in order to minimize the change in that variable.
Negative feedback and Feedforward feedback systems are important concepts. They are always (ALWAYS) covered in the finals. Remember:
1) definition of negative and feedforward feedback
2) learn how to describe what happens in these feedback systems (ie. the components like sensor, integration etc.)
3) why ECF needs to be maintained
4) definition of set point
All of these may be tested in short answers style.
Types of Synovial Joints
1. Plane joints
• Articular surfaces are essentially flat
• Allow only slipping or gliding movements
• Only examples of nonaxial joints
2. Hinge joints
• Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
• Motion is along a single plane
• Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only
• Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints
3. Pivot Joints
• Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
• Only uniaxial movement allowed
• Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint
4. Condyloid, or Ellipsoidal, Joints
• Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another
• Both articular surfaces are oval
• Biaxial joints permit all angular motions
• Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
5. Saddle Joints
• Similar to condyloid joints but with greater movement
• Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface
• Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
6. Ball-and-Socket Joints
• A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
• Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints
• Examples: shoulder and hip joints
Information on musculoskeletal system.
• The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
• These types differ in structure, location, function, and means of activation
• Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers
• Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments – actin and myosin
• Muscle terminology is similar: Sarcolemma – muscle plasma membrane; Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of a muscle cell
• Prefixes – myo, and sarco all refer to muscle
3 main types of muscle:
Skeletal Muscle Tissues
• Packaged in skeletal muscles that attach to and cover the bony skeleton
• Has obvious stripes called striations
• Is controlled voluntarily (i.e., by conscious control)
• Contracts rapidly but tires easily
• Is responsible for overall body motility
• Is extremely adaptable and can exert forces over a range from a fraction of an ounce to over 70 pounds
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Occurs only in the heart
• Is striated like skeletal muscle but is not voluntary
• Contracts at a fairly steady rate set by the heart’s pacemaker
• Neural controls allow the heart to respond to changes in bodily needs
Smooth Muscle Tissue
• Found in the walls of hollow visceral organs, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages
• Forces food and other substances through internal body channels
• It is not striated and is involuntary
Muscle Function
• Skeletal muscles are responsible for all locomotion
• Cardiac muscle is responsible for coursing the blood through the body
• Smooth muscle helps maintain blood pressure, and squeezes or propels substances (i.e., food, feces) through organs
• Muscles also maintain posture, stabilize joints, and generate heat
Know the difference between the different range of movement for the different types of joints. Though in exams, they normally wont explicitly ask you to explain what those joints are, but a question which portrays a picture of a certain part of a body and you may be ask to identify the type of joint and type of movement allowed. Example: a picture of a femur and hip may be shown and you will need to identify that it is a ball and socket joint and allows multiaxial movements including rotation.
Other notes on nervous system, musculoskeletal system etc. will be provided in the hubs191 blogspot at $10. For purchase, please email hsfyadmin@gmail.com. Cheers!
CELS191 overview
I have decided to summarise information which follows strictly to the objectives.
Module 1
Describe the different techniques used to study cells
Key technique: microscope
2 types of microscope
à the light microscope (often involve staining cells and letting light pass through the specimen)
à electron microscope (uses a beam of electron that is deflected and focused by electromagnetic field)
The electron microscope has higher power and have two basic designs: the SEM (scanning) and TEM (transmission). Same in working principle however the only difference is that TEM forms image from electrons transmitted through specimen while SEM scans surface of specimen and forms image by detecting electros that are deflected by surface of specimen.
Other microscopy is not relevant for CELS191 course.
Describe the cell theory.
- All organisms consist of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organism
- All cells arise only from preexisting cells
Define the major hierarchies of body structure
Organism: composed of many interdependent organ systems
Organ systems: Association of organs to carry out a major bodily function
Organs: Aggregations of several tissues with a variety of related functions
Tissues: Associations of similar cells with a common purpose
Cells: A collection of organelles surrounded by a plasma membrane (minimum self replicating unit of life à can be prokaryote or eurkayote)
Organelles: microscopic organs composed mainly of membranes eg. Mitochondria, nuclei, golgi
Molecular: arrangements of atoms into simple or very often, complex structures
Atomic: the building blocks of life – CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
Describe a possible pathway for the origin of life.
2 theories: Panspermia theory and chemical evolution
Panspermia theory
- Panspermia theory states that molecules of life come from extraterrestrial sources
- Speculated due to the finding of meteorite ALH84001 from Mars which contain water, magnetite and other available resources found on earth
- Terrestrial contamination which result of production of simple cells may go through four steps: abiotic synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, joining to form nucleic acid and protein, enclosing these molecules with membrane, origin of self replicating molecules which enable inheritance
- A primordial soup hypothesis was tested by miller and urey through experiment and they found that it is possible for the production of numerous complex molecules like amino acid, purines and pyrimidines during early formation of the earth. However this remain questionable since earth’s atmosphere is required to be ‘reducing’ for these complex molecules to be form. No prove can be stated to support that earth’s atmosphere was ‘reducing’.
- Protobionts are aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane which clearly supports the production of simple cells as cited above.
- RNA is believed to provide a template for DNA as a self replicating molecule.
Chemical evolution
Chemical evolution theory states that life is the result of chemical evolution.
Discuss the endosymbiont theory and evolution of the mitochondria.
Endosymbiont theory:
Mitochondria and chloroplast are believed to derive from an ancient prokaryote that established mutualistic symbiotic relationship with primitive nucleated cells (a protoeukaryote) long time ago.
Why is mitochondria thought to be derived from somewhere else?
Mitochondria is a semiautonomous organelle which can synthesize their own proteins, contain their own DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes, divide on their own similar to binary fission. Mitochondria not only behave lik a bacterial cell, it also looks like one too.
Mitochondria is speculated to be from the aerobic purple bacteria and chloroplast from cyanobacteria.
Mitochondria evolved by having a protoeukaryote ingesting or phagocyting an ancient purple bacteria. Both develop a symbiotic relationship and became inseparable.
Module 2
Outline how the tetranucleotide hypothesis could be used as an argument against DNA being genetic material.
Tetranucleotide hypothesis: genetic material only has 4 bases (A, C, G and T)
Many refuse to believe the tetranucleotide hypothesis they think that genetic material cannot be so simple as to have only 4 bases. Hence many perceived protein as genetic material for the many variation in amino acid.
However,
Outline the
Mouse A; live S died.
Mouse B; live R lived.
Mouse C; heat killed S lived.
Mouse D; heat killed S + live R died.
This is known as the ‘transformation’ experiment of
Know the tetranucleotide hypothesis and the Griffith's experiment. Understand that researchers of the past had always thought that it is impossible for heredity units to be molecules with only 4 repeating units. The significance of the Griffith's experiment shed light to the world that the DNA was the heredity unit instead of protein.
Module 3
Understand the ‘germ theory’ for the origin of microorganisms.
Germ theory of disease suggested that microorganisms are causes of many diseases. This created a theory that there are microorganisms, minute size organisms unable to be seen by the naked eye. With the advent of the microscope, this theory proved that microorganisms exist.
Describe the scientific method used for discovery of microorganisms.
Using the microscope, magnifying to a size where it is possible to see. Antoni Von Leeuwenhock made the first discovery of the bacterial world through his invention of the microscope.
Pasteur used swan necked flasks to prove that when pure water is contaminated by microorganisms in the air, microbes appear in the infusion of pure water.
Discuss the role of yeast cells in fermentation.
Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from oxidation of organic compounds, such as fermenting alcohol from sugar or formation of lactic acid.
Discuss the principles of pasteurization.
Pasteurization is a process of heating liquids to kill viruses or harmful organisms. The normal way to pasteurize something is to heat certain liquid in high temperature and then leaving it to cool down. The high temperature kills most if not all organisms in the liquid.
The complete summarised notes would be available to all of you for $10. Please support this product =) Cheers
Services provided
Concise notes along with important tips for the exam
HUBS191, CHEM191, PHSI191, CELS191, HUBS192, HEAL192, BIOC192 $10 for each paper
Apart from that, I have a few UMAT practice questions (2004). Although its a bit tad old but most of the questions are still quite relevant. For 4 sets of UMAT full practice questions (2004 style) this product is offered at $35.
To order these products (which I hope everybody would purchase for revision purposes), please send an email to hsfyadmin@gmail.com. Furher instructions would be given by the admin. Internet banking would be the preferred method of payment. The price has been set so that everybody can afford these services. Cheers!
